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These instruments reflect an overarching hedging strategy in a period of uncertainty.
Moreover, hard balancing is more rigid and thus more difficult to embed in a hedging strategy, whereas soft balancing fits easily within a hedging strategy and permits flexibility in state policies.
Hedging is the most prominent umbrella strategy taken by the United States and other Asia-Pacific states concerned with China's ascendance.4 I contend that soft balancing, diplomatic engagement, and limited hard balancing are the key components of an umbrella hedging strategy to- ward China.
The key feature of the hedging strategy toward China has been soft balancing.
Even some of the larger affected states, such as India, have pursued a hedging strategy, forming only limited strategic partnerships in response to Chi- na's rise.14 More important, the U.S. response to China's encroachments in the South China Sea has been tepid at best, with only a moderate uptick since 2015.
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